The Khyber Pass

Q.1 What is the Khyber Pass? How long it is ? Where do we go through the Pass?

Ans. Khyber Pass is one of the most famous pass which is a narrow mountain valley. It is about fifty kilometres long. From Khyber Pass we can go to Afghanistan and on the other side is the famous city of Peshawar.

Q.2 When did Aryans cross it and how many times did Mahmood Ghaznavi cross it and why?

Ans. Aryans crossed nearly four thousand years ago the Khyber Pass to enter Pakistan. Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi crossed the Khyber Pass seventimes. He crossed this passage in order to invade the sub-continent.

Q.3 What is the economical importance of Khyber Pass? Or Why it had been a famous trade in history?

Ans. The economical importance of Khyber Pass is that it is used a trading route between the different regions. It is the most favourable and best connection of East Asian countries with Central Asian countries for trading purposes. The important goods which are transferred through this pass into different regions include mirrors, furs, skins and fruits.

Q.4 What did the camel caravans carry? By what have the camels caravans been replaced?

Ans. The camel caravans carried mirrors, furs, skins, fruits, spices, silk, carpet etc to different parts of the region. The camels caravans have now been replaced by trains, trucks and lorries which are the most advanced and fastest means of transportation.

Q.5 Who lives in the mountains of the Khyber Pass?

Ans. The brave tribal people and Pathans live in the mountains of the Khyber Pass, who fought with the mighty British Empire for hundred years and defended their freedom. They are war like people among which keeping fire alarms is a common feature. But after joining Pakistan they are now the defenders of North-Western frontier of Pakistan.

Q.6 Why Landi Kotal is the famous place along the Pass?

Ans. Landi Kotal is the famous place along the Pass because it is the highest place about thirty km away from Jamrod Check post along the pass. It is also a market place where most of the people enjoy eating Tikkas and Chapli Kabab. Landi Kotal is a beautiful spot from where the road goes down winding through beautiful scenery.

Q.7 What is the historical importance of Khyber Pass?

Ans. The historical importance of Khyber Pass cannot be neglected because many Muslim conquerors like Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi, Shahabuddin Ghouri, Babur and Ahmed Shah Abdli made their way through this Pass. Mostly this pass had been used in the history for attacking nd conquering South Asia.

Q.8 Describe briefly the route from Peshawar to Khyber Pass.

Ans. The route for reaching Khyber Pass starts from the central city of Peshawar. About fourteen Kilometers from Peshawar is the Jamrod Check Post from where the permits are issued and which is surrounded by mountains. The road then runs is a haphazard manner to Landi Kotal, 30 km away from Jamrod Check Post and finally after a journey of ten km is the frontier post between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Sentences

1. Famous: Kentucky fried chicken has become very famous in Karachi.
2. Spices: Spices give a delicious taste to vegetables.
3. Conqueror: The conqueror Halaku Khan was the sign of terror for the whole world.
4. Defended: The borders of Pakistan were successfully defended by the soldier during 1965 war.
5. Stretched: He stretched his arms to hold the pile of books.

Fill in the Blanks

1. There are many who have traveled through some part of it.
2. Khyber Pass has been famous in history.
3. It has also been a famous trade route.
4. These brave tribes men fought the mighty British Empire.
5. They are the defenders of the North-Westen frontier of Pakistan.
6. They ate some Tikkas and Chapli Kabab.
7. The road goes down winding through beautiful scenery.
8. It has to run through many tunnels in the mountains.
9. They were welcomed by the soldiers guarding the frontier.

Compound Words

1. Pakistan – Flag
2. Camel – Caravan
3. Class – Fellows
4. Check – Post
5. Railway – Line
6. Mule – Trains

Idioms

1. Don’t go out alone in the Dark
Meaning: Don’t be out of doors at night alone.
Sentence: My parents always guide me not to go out in the dark.

2. There is such a strong breeze, the candle may go out
Meaning: There is such a strong breeze that the candle may be extinguished.
Sentence: Yesterday there was strong wind blowing that I said to my friends that their is such a strong breeze, the candle may go out.

3. Clothes go out of Fashion too fast
Meaning: Fashions of clothes last only for short periods of time.
Sentence: As it is a modern method so clothes go out of fashion too fast.

4. You can see more the land when the tides goes out
Meaning: When the water receds more the sea-shore is visible.
Sentence: When I went to the sea-side the tide was not very high so I said to my friend that you can see more the land when the tide goes out.

5. The party went all out to win the elections
Meaning: The party made strenuous efforts to win the election.
Sentence: My uncle is in politics so his party went all out to win the elections.

6. He goes out of his way to help
Meaning: He makes extra ordinary efforts to help
Sentence: My friend is very generous and kind so he always goes out of his way to help any body.

7. I’m going off to my friend’s house
Meaning: I am leaving for my friend’s house.
Sentence: Yesterday there was my friend’s birthday so I went off at 7′O clock to my friend’s house.

8. How did your interview go off?
Meaning: How did you fail in your interview?
Sentence: Yesterday my friend went to an organization in order to give his interview when he was returning him how did his interview go off?

9. England has gone off the gold standard
Meaning: England’s currency is no longer solidly backed by gold.
Sentence: The quality of Pakistani rice has not yet gone off beyond the standards.

10. I hope the bomb squad reaches before the bomb explodes
Meaning: I hope the bomb squad reaches before the bomb goes off.
Sentence: When some guys fitted the bomb in a school, the principal of a school was saying again and again that I hope the bomb squad reaches before the bomb goes off.

Casabianca

Central Idea
Reference
This poem is written by Felicia Dorethea Hemans (1973-1835). She was born at Liverpool, but the family moved to Wales where she was brought up. She was quick in mind and had a fine memory. As a poet, she has been compared to Long fellow. Like Couper, she loved the pathetic, and there is great enthusiasm for chivalry and heroism in her work. She also stressed moral values.

Theme
“A man of courage is full of faith.”
or
“Patriotism is a great virtue that makes people forgive their selfness.”

Central Idea
The central idea of this poem is the the noble characteristics like chivalirism, obedience and morality demand the impossible, the obsolite and the death which itself transfigured into eternal life. Deep-rooted faithfulness is majestic and unmatched which makes a man rise above all personal affiliation.

Summary

This poem is written by an English poetess Felicia Dorothea Hemans.
Casabianca is not purely fictitous story. It is a story of brave and innocent boy. The poetess has depicted a scene of sea battle. Where a ship is own ablaze with casabiance standing on the deck. During the battle when every part of ship was gutted with fire, most of the crew members had died and the live ones had runaway to save their lives. But casabianca kept standing, fearless of fire and enemy’s shelling where he was in obedience of his father’s order who was the captain of the ship.
When the ship was burning with fire, Casabianca’s impatient nature made him ask the permission to leave the battle field but there was no reply as his father was dead.
In the last three stanzas, the poetess has described the scene of casabianca’s death when the flames of fire engulfed him, the ship was also blasted and his body blown to bites. But in reality his spirit and moral was not defeated. Till his last breath, he stood like rock facing death and danger.

Question and Answers

Q.1 Write a short note on Casabianca?

Ans. Casabianca was a young and brave soldier of his country. He was a born hero and has a very strong, composed and pleasant personality. Dutifulness and obedience were his making characteristics and he was proud of fighting for his country.

Q.2 What do you know about a battleship from this poem?

Ans. As the poem was written in the 19th century, in these days ships made from wood. There were different parts like most, helm, pennon fair etc. Moreover they also used, cannon balls for destruction purposes.

Q.3 How has the Felicia Dorothea Hemans been compared to other poets?

Ans. Felicia Dorothea Hemans has been compared to Henry Long Fellow and Couper. She had the same pathetic and there is a great enthusiasm for chivalry and heroism in her work like the other poets. She also stressed moral values.

Q.4 What does the poetess mean by saying that “Lone Post of Death”?

Ans. The poetess is describing the death scene of Casabianca through the phrase. It means that when the fire was near to engulf him and his death time had arrived, than he was all alone on the battleship. He had a desperation about his father, future i.e. about winning over the battle.

Q.5 Why does the poetess call the Casabianca “A Gallant Child”?

Ans. The poetess calls the Casabianca “a gallant child” because he stood like a rock, fairless of the fire, the enemy’s shelling and his despair in the moments of death and danger. When his body blown into bites i.e. he was defeated by the death, but actually his spirit was not overpowered and he remained as a brave and valiant soldier.

Inheritors

Q.1 What property did the two brothers inherit from their father and what was the suggestions of Azam about the division of property?

Ans. After the death of their father, their father inherited a cow, a date-palm, tree and a blanket equally. Azam, the elder brother suggested that the front part of cow, the upper part of the date-palm tree and the blanket from sunset till morning would belong to him. Where as Moazzam was alloted with the rear part of cow, the lower part of the tree and the blanket for the day time.

Q.2 Why did Moazzam agree to the division?

Ans. Moazzam was innocent and simple boy and agreed to the division because Azam had cunningly presented the useless part of the property as the better ones. Furthermore he believed that whatever his brother will divide, it will beneficial for both of them.

Q.3 Who fed the cow and who got the milk? and why did Azam not give dates to Moazzam?

Ans. According to the agreement between Azam and Moazzam, Moazzam was to feed the cow as the front part belonged to him and Azam got the milk as the rear part was his. Azam did not give the dates to Moazzam because the fruitful part of the tree belong to Azam.

Q.4 How did Moazzam teach the lesson to his elder brother?

Ans. After advising by an old man, Moazzam wisely foiled Azam’s tricks. When Azam was milking the cow he started hitting the cow’s head with a stick, when Azam was picking dates from the tree he started cutting the tree with an axe and when Azam took up blanket, he found it wet which was done by Moazzam. In this manner, Moazzam was able to teach the lesson to his brother.

Q.5 What is the moral of the lesseon “The Inheritors”?

Ans. The moral of the lesson is that falsehood have no ground bases to stand. We should be pragmatic in our dealings and we can answer cleverness by wisdom. We must obey our elder’s advice because their advice is as good as gold.

Q.6 Give the character sketch of Moazzam?

Ans. Moazzam was a very simple and trusting boy. He never hesitated in doing hard work. Obedience and innocence was also the part of Moazzam’s nature.

Q.7 Give the character sketch of Azam?

Ans.Azam was agreedy and selfish person. Being an elder, he had an ordering style. He was always in the favour of cunning and false hood. Laziness was also their in his character.

Q.8 How did Azam cheat Moazzam?

Ans. being selfish and clever, Azam took advantage of Moazzam’s simpliciity by taking every beneficial part of the inheritance. He fleeted milk of cow, fruit of the tree and blanket during night for himself and awarded Moazzam with useless and work needed parts of inheritance.

Q.9 What was the effect of the old man’s advice on Moazzam?

Ans. The oldman’s advice revealed the fact on Moazzam that he was being cheated by the cleverness of his elder brother. The old man made him realized that Azam was taking benefit of the inheritance. Being obedient, Azam accepted the advice of old man and answered the cleverness of his brother with his wisdom.

Sentences

1. Cheat: Aslam was cheated by Ikhlaq through his foolishness.
2. Division: The plan for the division of sub-continent on 14th August 47 is known as 3rd June PLan.
3. Guess: Ahmed could not guessed the mystery.
4. Property: The property of former PM was captured by the Government because he was found indulge in crimes.
5. Milk: I bought 5 litres of milk from the shop to make the milk shake.

Fill in the Blanks

1. Their mother had died in their childhood.
2. His younger brother. Moazzam was simple and trusting.
3. Azam the elder brother was very greedy and clever.
4. Azam suggested that they should divide the propery left by their father.
5. We shall just divide it verbally.
6. Moazzam was delighted with the generosity of this elder brother.
7. It shall be mine only from sunset to sunrise.
8. Now moazzam would feed the cow and Azam would milk it.
9. He did not offer even a single date to his younger brother.
10. Moazzam was quite content with it.
11. Azam enjoyed a deep sleep under the warm blanket.

Grammar

1. Nouns in Sentence

1. Die : Death
He has lost his balance of mind due to the death of his father.

2. Advise : Advice
We must obey our elder’s advice

3. Divide: Division
The plan for the division of sub-continent on 14th August 1947 was presented by Lord Mountt Batten.

4. Suggest: Suggestion
He did not accept any suggestion about his matter and suffered a heavy loss.

5. Agree: Agreement
An agreement of undertaking was signed between Pakistan and America on the basis of Kashmir.

6. Feed : Food
Proper food is not available in our remote villages .

2.Nouns

1. Clever – Cleverness
2. Greedy – Greedy
3. Generous – Generosity
4. Stupid – Stupidity
5. Innocent – Innocence
6. Simple – Simplicity
7. Young – Youth

3. Prepositions

1. He is fond of reading books.
2. Najma is not interested in games.
3. Ajmal is good at mathematics.
4. He is not fit for this job.
5. The baby is crying for its mother.
6. The nurse looks after the patient.
7. The patient has been cured of his disease.
8. He has given up smoking.
9. I am used to taking tea without sugar.
10. We should be proud of our country.

4. Change into Passive Voice

1. The old man advised Moazzam.
Ans. Moazzam was advised by the old man.
 
2. Moazzam fed and looked after the cow.
Ans. The cow was fed and looked after by Moazzam

King Bruce and the Spider

Central Idea
 
Reference
this poem is written by Eliza cook (1818-1889). Born in London, she was the youngest of seven children. She was entirely self-educated and wrote verses from the age of fourteen. Her first volume being published at seventeen. In 1849, she edited and published, “Eliza Cooks Journal.” Her work is simple and highly moral. In this poem, she teaches the reader what she always practiced in her own life to keep on trying and never to be discouraged.

Theme
“Where there is a will, there is a way.”
or
“The world is his who her patients and industry.”

Central Idea
The central idea of this poem is that we should cultivate a strong will – power and a hopeful attitude to life, be bold through thick and thin, counting no labour loss and our heart within than. Almighty creator will surely help us if we adopt such a coarse. As it is also said, “The world is his who has patience and industry.”

Summary

The poetess has expressed the true sense of life in this poem. Solution to the problems of life and key to the success are being preached in this poem in a dramatic style.
This poem tells the story of the king Bruce of Scotland. Once he was defeated by the English men. He took refuge in a cave. Due to his repeated failures, he was very grieve. King Bruce mentally accepted his defeat from the English men.
One day, he was pondering at the point of his defeat, he watched a spider who was try8ng to reach to her cobweb. Thread was the only pathway for the spider to reach her destination. Spider started her voyage with great anxiety and force. But the spider come down to the initial stage where it had started her journey. King Bruce was showing issurity on the foolish attempts to reach the destination that spider will not try again.
However the spider succeeded in the 10th attempt to reach its cobweb. Afte the success to spider the King Bruce sounded in a optimistic order. “All honour to those who tries persistently.” King Bruce resoluted in heart to try once more in order to get the win over on his enemies.” At last he succeeded.

Question and Answers

Q.1 What lesson did the King learn from the spider?

Ans. The persistent tries of spider gave a positive spin to the thoughts of King Bruce and taught him that we are to be persistent and bold to achieve our aim of life. Continuous struggle to the main aim always produces a favourable result. We should try hard without caring for the resistance and circumstances of life.

Q.2. What do you know about King Bruce of Scotland?

Ans. King Bruce of Scotland was a very generous and patriotic Emperor. Once he fight with the British Army who wants to make a British colony in Scotland, but he was defeated. As he wanted to defeat his enemy, that’s why he made several attempts to get back his domain but he failed.

Q.3 What do you know about King Bruce of Scotland?

Ans. Eliza cook (1818-1889) was born in London. In 1849 she edited and published “Eliza cook’s Journal.” Her work is simple and highly moral and she teaches the readers what she always practiced in her life; to keep on trying and never to be discouraged.

Q.4 What is meant by poetess when she says that “a great deed”?

Ans. The poetess has used the words “a great hard” for the King Bruce. He had been trying hard to protect his domain from the contaminated hands of enemy. As the protection of country keeps a very high rank among the man’s priorities of life, that’s why the poetess called it “a great deed”.

Q.5 What resemblance, does the poetess find between the King Bruce and the Spider?

Ans. The points of similarity between the King Bruce and the spider were that the aim was quite far away from both of them. Both of them were having a very slightest hope to achieve success i.e. the spider had a single thread to reach the cobweb and the King Bruce also had a very tiny hope to win over his enemies.

Q.6 Why did the King Bruce or poetess call the spider “Brave”.

Ans. The poetess call the spider brave because it was very persistent and tried hard to complete her task. Although she suffered several failures, but she did not show any grieverence on the disportual of its fate. It went on making attempt and at last its persistent tries put it into the cobweb.

Idioms

1. To put into practice: to carry out in deeds.
Example: The soldiers put into practice the training they got in military school.
Sentence: We should put into practice the spirit of patriotism for our country.

2. A wild goose chose: An enterprise which will not succeed.
Example: The old man ran after the boy but a wild goose chase him.
Sentence: The coast guards ran after the criminals in their boats on a wild goose chase.

3. To end in smoke: To have no result, to come to nothing.
Example: Unless you preserve, your work will end in smoke.
Sentence: The soldiers struggled hard to destroy the foe’s base but it ended in smoke.

4. At a lost: Puzzled, not knowing what to do.
Example: I misplaced the book and I was at a loss: how to manage it.
Sentence: Someone stole by Physics book and I was at a loss ho to prepare for the Physics test.

5. With flying colours: To emerge successfully from some difficult task.
Example: Our team returned from the match with flying colours.
Sentence: Pakistan succeeded in the 1965 war with flying colours

An African Village

 Q.1 How many independent countries are there in Africa and where is Nigeria?

Ans. Africa is the second largest continent which consists of more than twenty five independent countries. Nigeria is one of the largest countries of Africa. It is in West Africa.

Q.2 What is the bush area made up of and where do most Nigeria farmers live?

Ans. The bush area is consisted of scattered trees with heavy undergrowth in the form of thick bush and grass. Most of the Nigerian farmers live in the villages and farm settlements in the bush area. They construct huts and live in those huts.

Q.3 What is the centre of activities?

Ans. The main centre of activities is the courtyard of house. Women cook food and work over there and children play there. They only use rooms for resting purposes.

 Q.4 What are their food crops and cash crops?

Ans. The crop, which is edible and we use as food are called food crops. The main food crops of Nigeria are plantains, potatoes, yarns, ground nuts and pepper. The crop which is sold to other countries are called cash crops and the Nigeria’s cash crops include palm oil and cocoa.

Q.5 Who tends the food crops and the cash crops?

Ans. Food crops are usually tended by the women. Whereas, the cash crops are tended by men.

Q.6 What is made from cocoa beans and yield from palm trees?

Ans. From the fruit of cocoa tree, yield beans which are grounded into powder which forms chocolate. From the palm trees, palm oil is yield. When the oil from the trees is passed through the chemical processors, the palm oil is obtained in pure form.

Q.7 Why was continent Africa called “Dark Continent” once?

Ans. Continent Africa was called “Dark Continent” once because the habitats and civilizations of the people of this continent was not known to the world. Due to their backward living styles and old fashioned traits, this continent seems to be the dull part of this world.

Q.8 Give a brief account of Nigeria?

Ans. Nigeria is situated in West Africa and is one of the largest countries of Africa. Nigeria is basically an agricultural country. It is also a thickly populated country which comprises majority of farmers. A great part of Nigeria is covered with a dense forest.

Q.9 How is the life of Nigerian farmer differ from Pakistani farmer?

Ans. The life of Nigerian farmer differ from Pakistani farmer in many ways. Their agricultural style is quite different from our’s. They are not in the favour of keeping cattles because of the disease which unables them to use cattles in farming. Their daily routine of life also differs from Pakistani farmer.

Q.10 Describe the changes that are coming or likely to come soon in the life of the bush dwellers in Nigeria.

Ans. Many favourable changes are coming in the life of bush dwellers, which include the availability of transport and communication, health and education, food and water etc. Soon their life style will more develope because many more modern facilities are making their way in these villages.

Q.11 Describe the life of a Nigerian farmer and his wife?

Ans. The life a Nigerian villager is a model of hard work. From the rising of sun to the dark, they work in the fields and houses. Farmer usually does all the work related to agriculture and women do the household jobs including looking after the food crops.

Q.12 Describe the building style of Nigerian farm.

Ans. The building style of Nigerian farms consists of three styles. First style is a single roomed and simple but which is made from thick branches of trees. Other style is the cone shaped huts made from straw and whose roof is thatched grass, needs or palm trees. Last style is the two or three roomed huts made of wood or are plastered with mud.

Q.13 Why can Nigerian farmer not rear cattle?

Ans. Nigerian farmers are not interested in rearing cattles because of the major hazards for the cattles. Tse-Tse fly is the sign of dangers for them. On the other hand, it is also dangerous for human beings because it causes unconsciousness state which most of the time ends in death.

Sentences
1. Century: Computer is the most amazing invention of this century.

2. Cultivate: Modern methods of agriculture are being used to cultivate the fields.
3. Dense: Amazon forest is mainly covered with dense vegetation.
4. Export: Rice is the major export of Pakistan.
5. Scatter: The shelling of the police scatter the crowd.
6. Things out: The market is thickly, crowded at the beginning but it things out at the end.

Idioms

1. To shed crocodile tears: to weep insincerely, or hypocritically
Example: They were not all sorry when he died. They just sheded crocodile tears.
Sentence: From the attitude of UN towards Kashmir issue, it seems that it is just shedding crocodile tears.

2. To feel like first out of water: To feel out of place
Example: Being the only educated man in that village, I feel like a fish out of water there.
Sentence: Aslam was the only member of Women rights association and felt like a fish out of water.

3. To nip in the bud: To stop evil in the early stages
Example: The plot to overthrow the government was detected nd nipped in the bud.
Sentence: he should not prevail the bad atmosphere in the society and try, to nip in the bud of crimes.

4. To turn over a new leaf: To reform, to behave better
Example: The teacher pardoned the boy on the condition that he promised to turn over a new leaf.
Sentence: The death of his parents turned over a new leaf in his life.

Synonyms

1. Coartyard – Compound
2. Link – Join
3. Dense – Thick
4. Explore – Search
5. Introduce – Acquaint
6. Century – One Hundred
7. Majority – More than half
8. Cultivate – to grow
9. Facility – Convenience

Antonyms

1. Dense – Thin
2. Majority – Minority
3. Remote – Near
4. Major – Minor
5. Independent – Dependent
6. Interior – Exterior
7. Export – Import

Grammar

1. Complete the Following Sentences with Shall, Will, Should, Would:

1. I think I shall go to the Karachi next week.
2. You should not tell a lie.
3. We shall fight to the last men.
4. This office will remain open till midnight.
5. I shall be grateful if you kindly grant me a pass.
6. The train would have arrived now.
7. Should our motherland need it, we will lay down our lives for it.
8. You should respect your elders.
9. Had you been there, it would never have happened.
10. They should not violate any condition of this contract.

2. Prepositions

1. Please introduce me to your father.
2. He is not acquainted with my parents.
3. This machine is fitted with automatic control.
4. You are not fit for this job.
5. A round nail does not for into a square hole.
6. He has passed the examination and is not looking for a job.
7. The police are on the look out for the robbers.
8. Look for the meaning of this world in the dictionary.
9. He promised to look into this matter.
10. We look up at you to solve our problems.

3. Change into Passive Voice

1. A road links his village to the town.
Ans. His village is linked to the town by a road.

2. A snake in the grass stung his barefoot.
Ans. His barefoot was stung by a snake in the grass.

3. He cannot rear any cattle on his farm.
Ans. No cattle can be reared by him on his farm.

4. Their father settled the dispute between the brothers.
Ans. The dispute between the brothers was settled by their father.

4. Change into Active Voice

1.This lamp was lit by the servant.
Ans. The servant lit this lamp.

2. The soldier was ordered by the officer to report to him.
Ans. The officer ordered the soldier to report to him.

3. By whom was this blanket patched?
Ans. Who patched this blanket?

4. Was this land cultivated by the land owner himself?
Ans. Did the Land owner cultivated the land himself?

The Hand That Rocks the Cradle is the Hand That Rules The World

Central Idea
 
Reference
This poem is written by William Ross Wallace, (1819-1881). He was born in Dexington, Kentucky. HiBs first poem appeared in 1837. He was lawyer by profession, but spent more time on literature. He composed patriotic songs during the civil wr which became popular. He possessed a splendid imagination as well as poetic diction.

Central Idea
The Central idea of this poem is that the first, noblest and most sacred mission of the mother is to bring up children. Mothers are the real builders of our nation, in the sense that the character of a children made or marred by the mother. It is said that:
“Educate women or mothers and the Nation will take charge of itself.”

Theme
A French idealogist Charles force said:
“One could judge the degree of civilization of a country by the social and political possession of its mother.”

Summary

This poem is written by famous American poet William Ross Wallace.
The poet is paying his homage to the mothers because of their holy and sacred task. The mothers bless the palace, cottage and poorman’s equally and make them colourful. Mother’s carry out a great sacred responsibility of bringing up the children. In this world, which is full of evils and vices, a mother is a mark of guidance and protection.
Mothers are the actual trainee of the children. Her affection enables the children to recognize divinity and obey command of Allah. A child’s character depends directly upon the mothers.
Behind every success of accomplishment of the great people is the hand of their mother. Due to the caring guidance which is given in a dedicated and caring manner, a mother can mold the character of a child in good shape.
Mother’s words are so sanctimonious that they are sure to accepted because they are strengthened by the worship of angles. So it is true that a mother’s hand that brings up a child is the same that governs every sphere of life.

Question and Answers

Q.1 Why does the poet compare mother’s hands to a rainbow?

Ans. The poet find resemblance between the mother’s hands and a rainbow because “rainbow” is symbol of peace, pleasure and happiness. It indicates that the storm has passed and difficulties have gone. Similarly a mother is a symbol of pity and pleasure who creates a peaceful and coming atmosphere for the whole family.

Q.2 What is guided by angles and how?

Ans. The chestity and grace of mothers is guided by angles. No one can destroy the spirit of the true mothers because it is protected by the holy angles. They bring divine blessings to the mothers which help the mothers to struggle with the tediums of life.

Q.3 Explain how the poet gives the credit for all great achievements of people to their mothers?

Ans. The poet gives the credit for all great accomplishment of people to their mothers because all the great personalities are prominent in the world due to the careful bringing up to their mothers. It’s only the result of mother’s caring guidance and training that the world is passing with the periods of humanstary and great successes.

Q.4 Describe the role of a mother?

Ans. The role of a mother is to bring up and train the children. Mother is an actual guiding force for the children because due to her training a child can instigate a high moral character. Mother also infest in the children the spirit to know the difference between good and evil. A child is virtuous or his bad character depends upon the guidance of mother.

Q.5 Why does the poet compare infancy (childhood) with the tender fountain?

Ans. The poet compares infancy (childhood) with the tender fountain because childhood is just like a sophisticated and delicated fountain which can be led to any stage of life i.e. good or bad. It is only a mother who can guide a very young soil to his destination success it or failure.

Q.6 What does it mean by “Sunshine streamed or evil hurled.”

Ans. Sunshine is a symbol of goodness and virtue. This phrase means that the structure of a man’s character depends mainly upon the mother’s. If the training of mother is goo it mean that she has infested a high moral character in her children. But if the guidance is not good and child’s character will prevail by evilness.

Q.7 Why does the poet say that the prayers of mothers on earth mingles with that said in heaven?

Ans. The poet says so because the prayers of a mothers are so sacred and holy that they are accompanied by the holy prayers of angle. So that, these prayers are enforced and strengthened. The words of mother keep a sanctimonious status to God, which cannot be neglected because they are also strengthened by the worship of angles.

Q.8 Describe the poetic diction of William Ross Wallace?

Ans.William Rose Wallace composed patriotic songs during the civil war which became popular. He was a friend of Edgar Allen Roe whom he resembled both in temperament and habits. He possessed a splendid imagination as well as poetic diction.

Q.9 How can the mother keep the young heart open and for what?

Ans. Mother has a very divine task to complete which starts right from the beginning of the child’s life and continues till the end. She keeps the young heart open in such a way that the child can understand and accept the divine commands of Allah.

Shopping

Q.1 Why did mother ask Najma and Ajmal to go with her for shopping?

Ans. Mother asked Najma and Ajmal to go with her for shopping because their father was not at home. He was on tour and in his absence the mother had to do shopping. Moreover, they also have run out of groceries and provisions.

Q.2 How much fare did the taxi driver demanded?

Ans. Mother hired a taxi to reach the market and asked the driver about the fare. The taxi driver demanded twenty rupees before hand s the meter was out of order.

Q.3 What did mother tell the taxi-driver?

Ans. The mother was shocked by the demand of taxi driver because the fare was too much as the distance was hardly a kilometer. She further threatened that she would take him to traffic constable if he insisted on charging 20 rupees

Q.4 Where did mother and children go first for shopping?

Ans. Mother and children firstly went to the mutton market. Najma and Ajmal were astonished to see the Halal animals hanging in the market.

Q.5 What is the difference between beef and mutton?

Ans. The meat of cows, calves and buffaloes is called beef. Whereas mutton is the flesh of goats and sheep.

Q.6 What did mother buy at the butcher’s shop?

Ans. Firstly mother bargained with the butcher and settled the price at ninety rupees a kilo according to the price-list. Then she demands one kilo of leg and one kilo minced meat.

Q.7 Where did mother go after making purchases at the butcher?

Ans. After making purchases at the butcher’s mother headed towards the vegetables and fruit. She wanted to buy fresh and tasty vegetables for the incoming month.

Q.8 How did the mother buy bananas and apples?

Ans. Monthly firstly inquired the fruit sever about the price. Then she bought ten bananas at a rte of fifteen rupees and one kg apples at a cost of twenty rupees.

Q.9 What did mother buy last of all?

Ans. After making all purchases mother went to a poultry shop. She bought eggs and one kilo of dressed chicken at a rate of twenty and ninety rupees respectively.

Q.10 How far is the market from the house of Najma and Ajmal?

Ans. The market was not so far from the house of Najma and Ajmal. It was about a distance of one thousands metres.

Q.11 What did mother ask the children to do when they reached back home?

Ans. When they had reached back home, mother asked Ajmal to polish his own and Najma’s shoes. She order ordered Najma to iron the clothes.

Q.12 When do we use Metre, Kilometre, Kilo and Litre?

Ans. These are all measuring units of different quantities. Metre is used for measuring Length, Kilometre for distance, Kilo for weightsand Litre to measure liquids except with those of high viscosity.

Q.13 Give the reason why polythene bags are not being used all over the world? or What is / are the harmful effects of polythene bags?

Ans. Polythene bags are not being used all over the world because they are major source of water pollution. They lock the severage pipes and when the drains are chocked, the dirty water spills all over. There is no suitable way of disposing these bags.

Q.14 How can we call the mother a vigilant customer? or How did mother bargain for the price at the butcher’s shop?


Ans. We can call the mother a vigilant customer because before buying anything she seemed to be very conscious the price and quality of goods. At the butcher’s shop, she firstly inquired about the price. When she knew the price, she insisted on charging less rupees because the prices were exceeding the price list. The butcher started telling stories but finally he agreed on the low rate which shows the vigilance of mother.

Q.15 Why were Najma and Ajmal excited?

Ans. Najma and Ajmal were excited because the first time they were going for shopping. The idea of learning new and interesting things was making them excited.

Q.16 Why did Taxi driver demand 20 rupees for fare?

Ans. Taxi driver demanded 20 rupees for the fare because he wanted to make more money than the fare. As the meter of taxi was also our of order, so taking the advantage of this situation he wanted to charge 20 rupees.

Sentences

1. Beef: Beef is the flesh of cows, calves and buffaloes.
2. Calves: Calve beef is more tasty than cows and buffaloes.
3. Carton: This carton of soap contains 100 cakes of soap.
4. Cabbage: We grow fresh cabbages in the garden.
5. Hire: Aslam hired a taxi to reach the station.
6. Spices: Spices add delicious taste to the food.
7. Meter: We should not harm our gas and electric meter.
8. Unit: The unit of time in M.K.’s system is second.
9. Provisions: We buy provisions every month from the Sunday Bazar.
10. Mutton: Mutton is the flesh of goats and sheep.

Synonyms

1. Frightened – Afraid
2. Hail – Greet
3. Buy – Purchase
4. Carton – Box
5. Provisions – Supplies
6. Pointing – Hinting
7. Threaten – Warn

Opposites

1. Swim – Drown
2. Alive – Dead
3. Float – Sink
4. Front – Rear
5. Start – Stop
6. Boil – Freeze
7. Part – Whole
8. Buy – Sell
9. Agree – Differ
10. Reject – Accept

Grammar

1. Complete with Kilogram, Litre, Metres and Kilometres

1. My house is three kilometre from the railway.
2. This jar contains one kilogram of honey.
3. He measured out ten metres of rope.
4. The price of kerosene oil is five rupees a litre.
5. Sugar – cane is usually two to three metres long.
6. The speed of this aeroplane is seven hundreds kilometres and hour.
7. This car does twelve kilometres to a litre of petrol.

2.Complete with the following

out of order, out of date, enforce, in order, up-to-date, to date

1. The old system of weights and measures is no longer enforce.
2. You must revise your book and bring to up-to-date.
3. The Shopkeeper told him that their weighing machine was out of order.
4. I have received no letter from him to-date.
5. This rule is enforce, we must follow it.
6. That book was published ten years ago, it is completely out of date.

3. Complete with the following

with cake, bar, jar, packet, carton, bag, roll

1. A carton of soap contains 144 soap cakes.
2. Please bring a jar of Swat honey for me.
3. What is the price of one bag of flour?
4. The price of a cake of soap has increased by one rupee.
5. The shopkeeper charged me ninety rupees for this roll of cloth.
6. This chocolate is cheap at three rupees a bar.
7. This packet contains 25 biscuits.

4. Prepositions

1. The driver brought the taxi to a sudden halt.
2. He took off his old coat and put on the new one.
3. Please turn off the radio and turn on the T.V.
4. Before leaving the kitchen she put off the fire.
5. She turned out the cat and shut the door.
6. My friend turned up late from the cinema.
7. The watchman turned out to be thief.
8. The plane took off at 10′O Clock.

5. Change into Active Voice

1. He was robbed and beaten by some unknown persons.
Ans. Some unknown persons robbed and beat him.

2. The field was ploughed, the seed was sown and the crop was harvested by the farmer himself.
Ans. The farmer himself ploughed the field, sowed the seed nd harvested the crop.

6. Change into Passive Voice

1. She brushed, cleaned and ironed her coat.
Ans. The coat was brushed, cleaned and ironed by her.

2. I brought this news to him.
Ans. That news was brought to him by me.

Composition

You go shopping to buy a cloth for your School uniform Write a dialogue with the shopkeeper.
Me: “Hello sir, may I have a cloth for the school uniform?”
Shopkeeper: “Sure, wait a second.”
Me: “Is this purely cotton?”
Shopkeeper: “No, it is paper cotton. But assure you that it will last longer?”
Me: “Ok! But how can you say that the colour of trouser will not fade?”
Shopkeeper:It is my guarantee that the colour will not fade otherwise you can have your money back.”
Me: “Alright, how much it costs?”
Shopkeeper: “First tell me how much do you want?”
Me: “I need about 6 meters of the cloth.”
Shopkeeper: “Actually, the real price is 200 rupees but as you are our regular customer, you can have it at a cost of 18 rupees.”
Me: “It’s too expensive. Can’t you be more flexible?”
Shopkeeper: “No my son, because if I do so I will deprived of my profit.”
Me: “Ok, take these 180 rupees and pack the cloth.”
Shopkeeper: “No problem.”

Idioms

1. To have the lion’s share: To take the biggest share of something.
Example: Divide the cake into equal slices and don’t have the lion’s share for yourself.
Sentence: Divide the profit share equally and don’t have the lion’s share.

2. To same something for rainy day: To keep for some future security.
Example: He wanted all his savings and has save nothing for a rainy day.
Sentence: He lost all his money in gamble and didn’t save anything for a rainy day.

3. To cry over spilt milk: To grieve over something uselessly.
Example: The damage has been done, but instead of crying over spilt milk, do something to repair.
Sentence: It is useless crying over spilt milk.

4. Its high time: The moment has already come.
Example: The exams begin next month as its high time by now.
Sentence: The cricket match will start in twenty minutes so it’s high time we should leave for the stadium